Now more than ever, federal contractors find themselves at the intersection of innovation and regulation, particularly in the realm of Artificial Intelligence (AI). AI is now incorporated into a broad range of business systems, including those with the potential to inform contractor employment decisions. For that reason, the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP) has issued new guidance entitled "Artificial Intelligence and Equal Employment Opportunity for Federal Contractors" (the "AI Guide"). OFCCP issued the AI Guide in accordance with President Biden'sExecutive Order 14110(regarding the "Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence"), which we reported onhere. The AI Guide provides answers to commonly asked questions about the use of AI in the Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) context. The AI Guide also offers "Promising Practices," which highlight a number of important considerations for federal contractors. Focusing on federal contractors' obligations and attendant risks when utilizing AI to assist in employment-related decisions, the AI Guide also provides recommendations for ensuring compliance with EEO requirements while harnessing the efficiencies of AI.
Risks and Obligations
OFCCP confirms in its AI Guide that compliance evaluations and complaint investigations will include examination of a contractor's use of AI in employment decisions, including, but not limited to, hiring, promotion, termination, and compensation. The guidance defines key terms, including "AI" and "automated systems," in accordance with other official guidance, including using the definition of AI provided under the National Artificial Intelligence Initiative, 15 U.S.C. § 9401(3), as well as referencing theexamples of automated systemsprovided in theWhite House Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights.
The Q&A section provides examples of the ways in which the use of AI in employment decisions may implicate federal contractors' EEO obligations. For example, a contractor's obligation to offer reasonable accommodations to employees or applicants with disabilities extends to the contractor's use of automated systems. Additionally, when a selection procedure involving an automated system has an adverse impact on the members of any race, sex, or ethnic group, federal contractors must validate the system in accordance with theUniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures, including by articulating the business needs motivating the use of the AI system and the job-relatedness of the selection procedure, conducting independent assessments for bias, and exploring potentially less discriminatory alternative selection procedures. Notably, contractors must be able to provide information and records about the impact and validity of a selection procedure, and "cannot escape liability for the adverse impact of discriminatory screenings conducted by a third party, such as a staffing agency, HR software provider, or vendor." Contractors using AI in employment decisions must also ensure compliance with all recordkeeping requirements. For example, contractors are required to keep records of any resume searches conducted using AI, including the substantive search criteria used.
Federal contractors' use of AI in employment decisions introduces a complex array of compliance obligations (and attendant risk). OFCCP's AI Guide emphasizes the importance of AI systems being transparent, equitable, and devoid of biases that could lead to adverse employment actions based on race, sex, or ethnicity, underscoring the need for contractors to maintain stringent oversight of AI applications in their employment practices.
OFCCP's Recommended Practices for AI Deployment
Where a contractor is using or intends to use an AI system for employment decisions, there is a baseline expectation that relevant contractor employees understand the design, development, intended use, and effects of the AI system and that they are properly trained on the system. There is also a baseline expectation that vendor-obtained AI is properly vetted. To aid contractors in navigating the compliance landscape, OFCCP recommends several best practices for AI deployment. These include having a standard process for the use of AI for all candidates and providing clear notice to applicants and employees about the use of AI in employment decisions, including how the system will contribute to an employment decision, and how their data will be captured and used in the AI system. For example, contractors should provide instructions on how the applicant or employee can evaluate, correct, or request deletion of data within the AI system and on how to request a reasonable accommodation. Additionally, contractors should routinely monitor the system to ensure that it does not cause a disparate or adverse impact and ensure that there is meaningful human oversight for any decision supported by AI. These practices and others addressed in OFCCP's AI Guide aim to mitigate risks and promote an equitable employment environment.
Conclusion
The integration of AI into employment practices presents a unique set of challenges and opportunities for government contractors. OFCCP's AI Guide provides a road map as to how OFCCP will view AI in the context of compliance evaluations. As the AI landscape evolves, maintaining a proactive approach to compliance will enable contractors to leverage AI's benefits effectively while upholding their commitment to equal opportunity and affirmative action. For additional questions about the use of AI in employment decisions, and federal contractors' obligations when using AI, please contact Crowell & Moring.
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